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Tên khoa học: Lactuca sativa var capitata L (rau diếp vườn)., Lactuca virosa L (rau diếp dại).
Tên thường gọi: Xà lách Acrid, Rau diếp trong vườn, Rau diếp Đức, Xà lách gai, Rau xanh, Rau diếp, Rau diếp có mùi thơm, Rau diếp
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Tổng quan lâm sàng
Sử dụng
Thuốc phiện rau diếp đã được sử dụng như một chất khử trùng tại chỗ, như một loại thuốc dân gian để cải thiện một loạt các điều kiện, và như một chất thay thế hoặc chất tăng cường gây nghiện. Nó cũng là một thuốc an thần nhẹ và thôi miên. Có rất ít bằng chứng để hỗ trợ việc sử dụng nó cho bất kỳ dấu hiệu nào.
Liều dùng
Không có bằng chứng lâm sàng gần đây để hỗ trợ khuyến nghị liều cụ thể.
Chống chỉ định
Chống chỉ định chưa được xác định.
Mang thai / cho con bú
Thông tin liên quan đến an toàn và hiệu quả trong thai kỳ và cho con bú là thiếu.
Tương tác
Không có tài liệu tốt.
Phản ứng trái ngược
Rau diếp chứa thuốc phiện có chứa cocquiterpene; do đó, uống có thể liên quan đến phản ứng dị ứng.
Chất độc
Reference from: https://www.drugs.com/npp/lettuce-opium.html
Scientific Family
- Asteraceae (daisy)
Botany
Widely cultivated, lettuce flowers from July to September. This biennial herb grows to 1.8 m. The large leaves can attain lengths of 0.46 m. The stalks are rich in a milky-white sap that flows freely when the stems are broken.USDA 2016
History
Lettuce opium has been used in folk medicine for indications ranging from aiding circulation to treating swollen genitals. In Europe, it is used as a substitute for opium in cough mixtures.Lewis 1977 In homeopathy, a tincture has been used for laryngitis, bronchitis, asthma, cough, and urinary tract infections.Schauenberg 1977 The juice of the stem covering yields a medicinal extract known as thridace, the use and efficacy of which is widely disputed.Grieve 1971
In Chinese medicine, lettuce preparations have been widely used. The dried juice has been recommended as a topical wound antiseptic, and the seeds have been used as a galactogogue (to increase the flow of milk in nursing mothers). It has been claimed that the flowers and seeds are effective in reducing fevers.Brown 1977 Lettuce opium products have been marketed as legal highs or narcotic substitutes intended to be smoked alone or in combination with marijuana to enhance potency and flavor.Huang 1982 Its analgesic and sedative attributes seem more based on fiction than fact.
Chemistry
Some confusion exists regarding the nomenclature of the products derived from L. virosa and related plants. Flowering lettuce plants contain large amounts of a milky-white sap, which has a bitter taste and strong opiate-like odor. When the juice is collected and is exposed to air, it turns a brownish color. This substance is called lactucarium, a mixture of compounds to which the touted narcotic properties of the product have been ascribed. Lactucarium has been reported to contain approximately 0.2% lactucin, a sesquiterpinoid lactone. Additionally, the mixture contains a volatile oil, caoutchouc, mannitol, and lactucerol (taraxasterol) (approximately 50%). Lactucerin, also found in the latex, is the acetyl derivative of taraxasterol, a widely distributed triterpene.Bachelor 1973, Brown 1977
Reports that lactucarium contains hyoscyamine have been refuted.Willaman 1970 A report that L. virosa contains N-methyl-beta-phenylethylamineMarquardt 1976 also has been refuted.Huang 1982
Uses and Pharmacology
Hallucinogenic Effects
A variety of legal, alternate “hallucinogenic” products containing lettuce opium have been available on the market. Brand names of such products include Lettucine, Black Gold, Lettucene, Lettuce Hash, and Lopium. These products contain a lettuce derivative or lactucarium and are smoked in pipes or heated in small bowls, and the vapors are inhaled. These extracts are sometimes combined with damiana distillates, African yohimbe bark, or catnip distillates.
Animal data
Research reveals no animal data regarding the use of lettuce opium for hallucinogenic effects.
Clinical data
The hallucinogenic effect is usually mild and appears to be related to the degree of user expectation. There is no pharmacologic basis for the purported hallucinogenic effects of lettuce opium.
Other uses
Lettuce leaf cigarettes have been marketed as nicotine-free tobacco substitutes. Support for such alternatives has been variable because of slow acceptance of the unique flavor and the lack of a nicotine-induced kick.
Phytochemical and biological screening of several Lactuca species indicates that the genus has no antimicrobial activity, slight antitumor activity, and can produce gross CNS effects in mice.Bhakuni 1971, Fong 1972 However, the Lactuca species has resistance to viruses, bacteria, and fungi (Bremia lactucae).Chupeau 1994
While lactucin and lactucopicrin have been reported to have depressant and sedative activity on the CNS, these compounds are chemically unstable; commercial lactucarium contains little, if any, of these.Tyler 1987 Latex of L. sativa has been shown to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans in vitro.Moulin-Traffort 1990 Extracts of L. sativa resulted in hypotension when administered to dogs.Huang 1982
Dosing
There is no recent clinical evidence to support specific dose recommendations.
Pregnancy / Lactation
Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking.
Interactions
None well documented.
Adverse Reactions
Case reports are lacking; however, a possible association exists between lettuce ingestion and a localized oral allergic reaction.Bernton 1974
Toxicology
Reports of mydriasis, dizziness, anxiety, urinary retention, decreased bowel sounds, and sympathetic over-activity have been published. An anticholinergic mechanism is suggested.Mullins 1998 Mortality in dogs has been reported following intravenous administration.Besharat 2009, Mullins 1998
References
Bachelor FW, Ito S. A revision of the sterochemistry of lactucin. Can J Chem. 1973;51:3626.Bernton HS. Oral allergy after lettuce ingestion. JAMA. 1974;230:613.Besharat S, Besharat M, Jabbari A. Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa) toxicity. BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009.2168692010.1136/bcr.06.2008.0134Bhakuni DS, Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Gupta B, Srimal RC. Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Indian J Exp Biol. 1971;9:91-102.5089325Brown JK, Malone MH. Legal highs-constituents, activity, toxicology and herbal folklore. Pacific Information Service on Street Drugs. 1977;5:36.Chupeau MC, Maisonneuve B, Bellec Y, Chupeau Y. A Lactuca universal hybridizer, and its use in creation of fertile interspecific somatic hybrids. Mol Gen Genet. 1994;245:139-145.7816020Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Henry LK, Svoboda GH, Yates MJ. Biological and phytochemical evaluation of plants. X. Test results from a third two-hundred accessions. Lloydia. 1972;35:35-48.5037480Grieve MA. Modern Herbal. New York, NY: Dover Publications; 1971.Huang ZJ, Kinghorn AD, Farnsworth NR. Studies on herbal remedies I: analysis of herbal smoking preparations alleged to contain lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and other natural products. J Pharm Sci. 1982;71:270-271.7062258
Lactuca virosa. USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, September 2016). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA. Accessed September 2016.Lewis WH. Medical Botany. New York, NY: J. Wiley and Sons; 1977.Marquardt P, Classen HG, Schumacher KA. N-Methylphenethylamine, an indirect sympathicomimetic agent in vegetables. Arzneimittelforschung. 1976;26:2001-2003.1037233Moulin-Traffort J, Giordani R, Regli P. Antifungal action of latex saps from Lactuca sativa L. and Asclepias curassavica L. Mycoses. 1990;33:383-392.2090937Mullins ME, Horowitz BZ. The case of salad shooters: intravenous injection of wild lettuce extract. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1998;40:290-291.9778767Schauenberg P, Paris F. Guide to Medicinal Plants. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing; 1977.Tyler VE. The New Honest Herbal. Philadelphia, PA: G.F. Stickley Co.; 1987.Willaman JJ, Li HL. Screening plants for antitumor activity. II. A comparison of two methods of sampling herbaceous plants. Lloydia. 1970;33(1):1-6.5520302
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This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.
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Reference from: https://www.drugs.com/npp/lettuce-opium.html
