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Scientific Name(s): Hyssopus officinalis L.
Common Name(s): Ezov, Hyssop, Hyssopus
Clinical Overview
Use
Toxic effects of hyssop essential oil limit therapeutic applications. Although no clinical evidence supports use, animal research indicates the potential for use of hyssop extract in diabetes and for its antimicrobial and CNS effects.
Dosing
No clinical evidence is available to determine hyssop dosing recommendations.
Contraindications
Contraindications have not been identified.
Pregnancy/Lactation
Avoid use. Documented adverse effects.
Interactions
None well documented.
Adverse Reactions
Information is limited; however, case reports of seizures exist.
Toxicology
Convulsant toxic effects of the essential oil have been established in rodents.
Scientific Family
- Labiatae (mint)
- Laminaceae
Botany
Hyssop is a perennial plant native to the Mediterranean that has been imported to and naturalized in the United States and Canada. It grows along roadsides and is sometimes found as a garden herb, growing to about 0.6 m in height. Its thin pointed leaves extend onto a central herbaceous stem that is sessile in form. The small blue tubular flowers grow from the upper leaf axils and bloom from July to October. The fruit contains 4 nutlets, each having one seed, and the plant has an aromatic camphor-like scent.1, 2, 3
A number of other common plants found in North America go by a variation of the name “hyssop.” These include giant hyssop (Agastache spp.), hedge hyssop (Gratiola officinalis L.), and water hyssop (Bacopa spp.); none of these plants are members of the genus Hyssopus, nor are they all members of the family Laminaceae.1
History
In ancient times, the hyssop plant was used as an insecticide, insect repellent, and pediculicide,3 and also in religious rituals; however, there is little evidence that mentions of “hyssop” in the Bible actually refer to H. officinalis.4, 5 The plant has been used in herbal medicine for the treatment of sore throats, colds, hoarseness, and as an expectorant.2, 3 Some herbalists also believe that hyssop has beneficial effects in asthma, urinary tract inflammation, lack of appetite, gas, and colic. Extracts of the plant have been used in perfumes and soaps, and to flavor liqueurs, sauces, puddings, and candies.2, 3
Chemistry
As a member of the mint family, hyssop contains a number of fragrant, volatile components. The plant contains up to 2% of a volatile oil,2 primarily composed of pinocamphone, isopinocamphone, alpha- and beta-pinene, camphene, and alpha-terpinene.6
Other constituents of the plant include glycosides (hyssopin as well as the flavonoid glycosides, hesperidin, and diosmine), tannin 5% to 8%, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, beta-sitosterol, marrubiin, and resins. Crude hyssop also contains rosmarinic acid 0.5% and total hydroxycinnamic derivatives 2.2%.2, 6 Flavonoids with antioxidant activity have been identified.7
Uses and Pharmacology
Antimicrobial
Animal data
Antibacterial and antiviral activity has been described for leaf extracts and the essential oil of hyssop. In vitro studies showed antibacterial activity against several human pathogens6; however, the preservative effect of hyssop added to ground beef was limited.8
In vitro antiviral activity has been investigated against herpes simplex viruses 1 and 29, 10 and HIV,11 with some studies suggesting the effect is limited to the viral envelope10 and hence ineffective against nonenveloped viruses such as human norovirus.12
Clinical data
Research reveals no clinical data regarding the use of hyssop oil for antimicrobial effects.
Asthma
Animal data
Asthmatic mice treated with hyssop extract (0.04 g per 10 g) had decreased airway remodeling and fewer symptoms of cough, shortness of breath, anxiety, and cyanosis.13 A decrease in symptoms and changes in various disease marker proteins were similar to the group treated with dexamethasone. The same research group used the same treatments to examine immune effects and noted that hyssop-treated asthmatic mice had significant reductions in mucus secretion and reductions in immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG similar to the improvements seen in the dexamethasone group.14
Clinical data
Research reveals no clinical data regarding the use of hyssop oil for antiasthmatic effects.
CNS
Animal data
Inhalation of hyssop essential oil was sedative in agitated (caffeine-stimulated) mice.15 Commercial preparations of hyssop essential oils produced convulsions in rats at 0.13 g/kg and death at 1.25 g/kg.16
Clinical data
Research reveals no clinical data regarding the use of hyssop for CNS effects, and case reports of seizures due to consumption of hyssop essential oil exist (see Toxicology).
Diabetes
Animal data
Limited experiments suggest an extract of the dried leaves of hyssop contains glucopyranosides that appear to have alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity capable of reducing postprandial hyperglycemia.17, 18
Clinical data
Research reveals no clinical data regarding the use of hyssop for diabetes.
Dosing
No clinical evidence is available to determine hyssop dosing recommendations.
Pregnancy / Lactation
Avoid use. Hyssop has emmenagogue and abortifacient effects.19, 20
Interactions
Reports are lacking.
Adverse Reactions
Hyssop oil was nonirritating to the skin in animal and human studies.2 Older case reports of seizures related to consumption of hyssop and sage oils exist.14, 21
Research reveals little or no information regarding adverse reactions with hyssop use.
Toxicology
In rats, commercial preparations of hyssop essential oils produced convulsions at 0.13 g/kg and death at 1.25 g/kg, and case reports of seizures in adults and children exist.16, 21 The neurotoxicity of hyssop appears to be related to 2 terpene ketones, pinocamphone and isopinocamphone; although, other monoterpenes with similar chemical structures, such as camphor, thujone, and cineole, are known to have epileptogenic properties.14, 21
A study using hyssop in combination with other herbs in the feed of horses showed no differences in hematologic or biochemical parameters compared with placebo feed.22
References
1. Hyssopus officinalis L. USDA, NRCS. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov/java/, 2016). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.2. Khan IA, Abourashed EA. Leung’s Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009.3. Duke J, Bogenschutz-Godwin M, duCellier J, Duke P. Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.4. Harrison R. The Biblical problem of hyssop. The Evangelical Quarterly. 1954;26(4):218-224.5. Luca LM, Norum KR. Scurvy and cloudberries: a chapter in the history of nutritional sciences. J Nutr. 2011;141(12):2101-2105.220132036. De Martino L, De Feo V, Nazzaro F. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial and mutagenic activities of seven Lamiaceae essential oils. Molecules. 2009;14(10):4213-4230.199240597. Fathiazad F, Mazandarani M, Hamedeyazdan S. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Hyssopus officinalis L. from Iran. Adv Pharm Bull. 2011;1(2):63-67.243127588. Michalczyk M, Macura R, Tesarowicz I, Banaś J. Effect of adding essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) on the shelf life of ground beef. Meat Sci. 2012;90(3):842-850.221536119. Schnitzler P, Koch C, Reichling J. Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(5):1859-1862.1735325010. Koch C, Reichling J, Schneele J, Schnitzler P. Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(1-2):71-78.1797696811. Kreis W, Kaplan MH, Freeman J, Sun DK, Sarin PS. Inhibition of HIV replication by Hyssop officinalis extracts. Antiviral Res. 1990;14(6):323-337.170822612. Kovač K, Diez-Valcarce M, Raspor P, Hernández M, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Natural plant essential oils do not inactivate non-enveloped enteric viruses. Food Environ Virol. 2012;4(4):209-212.2341289213. Ma X, Ma X, Ma Z, et al. The effects of Uygur herb Hyssopus officinalis L. on the process of airway remodeling in asthmatic mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:710870.2538308414. Ma X, Ma X, Ma Z, et al. Effect of Hyssopus officinalis L. on inhibiting airway inflammation and immune regulation on a chronic asthmatic mouse model. Exp Therapeu Med. 2014;8(5):1371-1374.2528902515. Lim WC, Seo JM, Lee CI, Pyo HB, Lee BC. Stimulative and sedative effects of essential oils upon inhalation in mice. Arch Pharm Res. 2005;28(7):770-774.1611449016. Millet Y, Jouglard J, Steinmetz MD, Tognetti P, Joanny P, Arditti J. Toxicity of some essential plant oils. Clinical and experimental study. Clin Toxicol. 1981;18(12):1485-1498.733308117. Matsuura H, Miyazaki H, Asakawa C, Amano M, Yoshihara T, Mizutani J. Isolation of alpha-glusosidase inhibitors from hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Phytochemistry. 2004;65(1):91-97.1469727418. Miyazaki H, Matsuura H, Yanagiya C, Mizutani J, Tsuji M, Ishihara C. Inhibitory effects of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) extracts on intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial hyperglycemia. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2003;49(5):346-349.1470331019. Ernst E. Herbal medicinal products during pregnancy: are they safe? BJOG. 2002;109(3):227-235.1195017620. Quattrocchi U. CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2012. 13:978-1-4822-5064-0.21. Burkhard PR, Burkhardt K, Haenggeli CA, Landis T. Plant-induced seizures: reappearance of an old problem. J Neurol. 1999;246(8):667-670.1046044222. Pearson W, Charch A, Brewer D, Clarke AF. Pilot study investigating the ability of an herbal composite to alleviate clinical signs of respiratory dysfunction in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Can J Vet Res. 2007;71(2):145-151.17479778
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