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Scientific Name(s): Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl
Common Name(s): Forsythia, Golden bells, Lian qiao, Weeping forsythia
Medically reviewed by Holevn.org. Last updated on Sep 13, 2019.
Clinical Overview
Use
Clinical trials are lacking to support a place in therapy for forsythia. Research interest focuses on chemotherapeutic applications.
Dosing
There are no recent clinical studies of forsythia to provide a basis for dosage recommendations.
Contraindications
Contraindications have not yet been identified.
Pregnancy/Lactation
Documented adverse effects. Uterine stimulant, emmenagogue. Avoid use.
Interactions
None well documented.
Adverse Reactions
Forsythia is contraindicated in pregnancy.
Toxicology
Information is limited.
Scientific Family
- Oleaceae (olives)
Botany
F. suspensa is an attractive deciduous shrub native to China. It is often grown ornamentally in the United States for its bright yellow flowers that appear in early spring. There are numerous horticultural varieties that are vegetatively propagated. The Chinese drug is obtained in the fall from the ripe fruits of the cultivated plant. The related species F. viridissima and F. koreana also are used medicinally.
History
Forsythia fruits are widely used in Chinese traditional medicine for antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity in the treatment of bacterial infections and upper respiratory ailments. They are commonly combined with honeysuckle flower (Lonicera) and other ingredients. Forsythia fruits are also reputedly used as a diuretic and as a cardiovascular tonic.
Chemistry
Lignans, such as phylligenin and pinoresinol, and their glucosides are major constituents of F. suspensa fruits, while the other species contain related compounds.1 Caffeic acid glycosides with variation in the number of sugars include forsythiaside2 suspensaside3 and a number of forsythosides.4 The reduced cyclohexylethane derivatives rengyol, rengyoxide, and rengyolone5 and their glycosides (rengyosides A-C6 and forsythensides A and B7) have been reported. The distribution of various phenolics among 7 different species of forsythia in leaves and fruits has been studied.8, 9 Rutin is the major flavonoid of all 7 forsythia species.9 Caffeic ester glycosides from related genera of the Oleaceae have been compared.10 Several triterpenes have been isolated from the fruits as well.11 An HPLC assay for major forsythia phenolics has been published.12 The essential oil composition of the fruits has been studied.13
Uses and Pharmacology
Antimicrobial activity
Animal data
Antimicrobial effects, including antiviral activity, have been reported on screening and in vitro studies.3, 4, 14, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
Clinical data
Research reveals no clinical data regarding the use of forsythia as an antimicrobial agent.
Cancer
Animal data
Extracts of forsythia have been studied in human tumor cell lines and rodent studies.30, 31, 32
Clinical data
Research reveals no clinical data regarding the use of forsythia in cancer.
Other uses
Antioxidant activity against LDL oxidation has been demonstrated in vitro.20, 33
Anti-inflammatory effects were reported on in older in vitro studies.11, 15, 16, 17, 18
The flavonoid rutin was found to be the active anti-emetic constituent of forsythia fruits using an experimental chicken model of emesis.22
Dosing
There are no recent clinical studies of forsythia to provide a basis for dosage recommendations.
Pregnancy / Lactation
Documented adverse effects. Uterine stimulant, emmenagogue. Avoid use.23
Interactions
None well documented.
Adverse Reactions
Use during pregnancy is strictly contraindicated because of its emmenagogue/uterine stimulant properties.
Toxicology
Information is limited. F. suspensa extracts were not mutagenic in Ames tests; however, the incidence of chromosomal aberrations and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of treated mice were somewhat elevated.24
Index Terms
- Forsythia koreana
- Forsythia viridissima
References
1. Nikaido T, Ohmoto T, Kinoshita T, Sankawa U, Nishibe S, Hisada S. Inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase by lignans. Chem Pharm Bull. 1981;29(12):3586-3592.62808852. Nishibe S, et al. The structure of forsythiaside isolated from Forsythia suspensa. Chem Pharm Bull. 1982;30:1048.3. Nishibe S, Okabe K, Tsukamoto H, et al. Studies on the Chinese crude drug “Forsythiae Fructus.” VI. The structure and antibacterial activity of suspensaside isolated from Forsythia suspensa. Chem Pharm Bull. 1982;30(12):4548-4553.71688744. Endo K, et al. Validity of Oriental medicine, part 44. Structures of forsythoside C and D, antibacterial principles of Forsythia suspensa fruits. Heterocycles. 1982;19:2033.5. Endo K, et al. Structures of rengyol, rengyoxide and rengyolone, new cyclohexylethane derivatives from Forsythia suspensa. Can J Chem. 1984;62:2011.6. Seya K, et al. Structures of rengyosides A, B and C, three glucosides of Forsythia suspensa fruits. Phytochemistry. 1989;28:1495.7. Ming D, Yu DQ, Yu SS. New quinoid glycosides from Forsythia suspensa. J Nat Prod. 1998;61(3):377-379.95488798. Kitagawa S, et al. Phenolic compounds from forsythia leaves. Phytochemistry. 1984;23:1635.9. Kitagawa S, et al. Phenolic compounds from forsythia leaves II. Chem Pharm Bull. 1988;36:3667.10. Andary C, Tahrouch S, Marion C, Wylde R, Heitz A. Caffeic glycoside esters from Jasminum nudiflorum and some related species. Phytochemistry. 1992;31(3):885-886.136804011. Ozaki Y, Rui J, Tang YT. Antiinflammatory effect of Forsythia suspensa Vahl. and its active principle. Biol Pharm Bull. 2000;23(3):365-367.1072689812. Cui Y, Feng SY, Zhao G, Wang MZ. [HPLC analysis of the active ingredients of Forsythia suspensa]. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao. 1992;27(8):603-608.148167713. Xu Z, et al. Analysis of constituents of essential oil from the Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. Natural Product Res Dev. 1994;6:14.14. Endo K, et al. Structure of forsythoside A, an antibacterial principle of Forsythia suspensa leaves. Heterocycles. 1981;16:1311.15. Ozaki Y, Rui J, Tang Y, Satake M. Antiinflammatory effect of Forsythia suspensa Vahl. and its active fraction. Biol Pharm Bull. 1997;20(8):861-864.930013116. Kimura Y, Okuda H, Nishibe S, Arichi S. Effects of caffeoylglycosides on arachidonate metabolism in leukocytes. Planta Med. 1987;53(2):148-153.311081117. Heilmann J, Calis I, Kirmizibekmez H, Schühly W, Harput S, Sticher O. Radical scavenger activity of phenylethanoid glycosides in FMLP stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: Structure-activity relationships. Planta Med. 2000;66(8):746-748.1119913318. Kim N, Kang TH, Song EK, Pae HO, Chung HT, Kim YC. Inhibitory effects of butanol fraction of the aqueous extract of Forsythia koreana on the nitric oxide production by murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(1-2):323-327.1102517320. Chen C, Chen HY, Shiao MS, Lin YL, Kuo YH, Ou JC. Inhibition of low density lipoprotein oxidation by tetrahydrofurofuran lignans from Forsythia suspensa and Magnolia coco. Planta Med. 1999;65(8):709-711.1063011022. Yang Y, Kinoshita K, Koyama K, et al. Novel experimental model using free radical-induced emesis for surveying anti-emetic compounds from natural sources. Planta Med 1999;65(6):574-576.1048338023. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, Goldberg A, eds. American Herbal Products Association’s Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;1997.24. Yin X, Liu DX, Wang HC, Zhou Y. A study on the mutagenicity of 102 raw pharmaceuticals used in Chinese traditional medicine. Mutat Res. 1991;260(1):73-82.202734325. Li C, Dai Y, Zhang SX, et al. Quinoid glycosides from Forsythia suspensa. Phytochemistry. 2014;104:105-113.2483303526. Zhang D, Fang J, Chen J, et al. [An in vitro study of anti-human cytomegalovirus effect of Forsythia suspensa and its main active ingredient quercetin] [in Chinese]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2010;35(8):1055-1059.2061769327. Chen Y, Li X, Zhou JY, Yang QW, Li H. [Effect of an active component from Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl against respiratory syncytial virus in vitro] [in Chinese]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2009;38(6):733-735.2004723628. Ko HC, Wei BL, Chiou WF. The effect of medicinal plants used in Chinese folk medicine on RANTES secretion by virus-infected human epithelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;107(2):205-210.1662137829. Kong B, Wang J, Xiong YL. Antimicrobial activity of several herb and spice extracts in culture medium and in vacuum-packaged pork. J Food Prot. 2007;70(3):641-647.1738805330. Ge Y, Wang Y, Chen P, et al. Polyhydroxytriterpenoids and phenolic constituents from Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl leaves. J Agric Food Chem. 2016;64(1):125-131.2669420531. Zhao L, Yan X, Shi J, et al. Ethanol extract of Forsythia suspensa root induces apoptosis of esophageal carcinoma cells via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2015;11(2):871-880.2537339232. Shin HS, Park SY, Song HG, Hwang E, Lee DG, Yi TH. The androgenic alopecia protective effects of Forsythiaside-A and the molecular regulation in a mouse model. Phytother Res. 2015;29(6):870-876.2580875933. Chang MJ, Hung TM, Min BS, et al. Lignans from the rruits of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl protect high-density lipoprotein during oxidative stress. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2008;72(10):2750-2755.18838794
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