Thuốc Jojoba

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Thuốc Jojoba
Thuốc Jojoba

Holevn Health share articles about :Thuốc Jojoba  , side effects – dosage , Thuốc Jojoba what disease treatment.Other noted issues. Please refer to the details below.

Medically reviewed by Holevn.org. Last updated on Apr 22, 2019.

Scientific Name(s): Simmondsia californica Nutall., Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider.
Common Name(s): Jojoba, K-20W Jojoba

Clinical Overview

Use

The toxicity of the constituent simmondsin in jojoba seed meal and some oil components limits the likelihood of clinical applications. Jojoba oil is commonly used in dermatological preparations.

Dosing

There is no clinical evidence to guide dosage of jojoba or its oil; it is primarily used as a vehicle for oxidation-sensitive substances in ointments.

Contraindications

Although absolute contraindications have not been identified, jojoba should not be ingested by humans due to potential toxicity.

Pregnancy/Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Adverse toxicological studies in rodents and birds exist.

Interactions

None well documented.

Adverse Reactions

Case reports of contact dermatitis, confirmed by skin patch tests, exist for jojoba oil.

Toxicology

Constituents of jojoba are toxic. Studies demonstrate hematological toxicity, histological abnormalities, and other adverse effects.

Scientific Family

  • Simmondsiaceae

Botany

S. chinensis is a desert shrub indigenous to Arizona, California, and northern Mexico that grows in a number of deserts worldwide. It is a woody, evergreen shrub with thick, leathery, bluish-green leaves and dark brown nut-like fruit. An equal number of male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. The plant can withstand extreme daily fluctuations of temperature and thrives in well-drained, desert soils and coarse mixtures of gravel and clay. The mature plant produces about 5 to 10 pounds of seeds, which range in size between the coffee bean and peanut. It is an important forage plant for desert bighorn sheep and mule deer.1, 2 A synonym is Simmondsia californica Nutall.

History

For a long time, American Indians and Mexicans have used jojoba oil as a hair conditioner/restorer and as a medicine, as well as in cooking and rituals. In the United States, jojoba is considered a viable cash crop for the southwestern Indians, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs has funded most of the studies in this area. With the banning of the sale of sperm whale oil in the 1970s, the cosmetic industry turned to jojoba oil for use in shampoos, moisturizers, sunscreens, and conditioners. It has further potential as an industrial lubricant because it does not break down under high temperature or pressure. A disadvantage to its use is its relatively high cost.2, 3, 4, 5

Chemistry

Jojoba seeds produce 50% to 55% by weight of a colorless, odorless oil or liquid wax. The wax is almost completely (97%) composed of straight chain monoesters of C-20 and C-22 acids and alcohols with 2 double bonds. The acids have been identified as a mixture of cis-11-eicosenoic (C-20) and cis-13-docosenoic (C-22, erucic) acids. The alcohols have been identified as mixtures of cis-11-eicosenol, cis-13-docosenol, and cis-15-tetracosenol (C-24). Also included are small quantities of sterols (less than 0.5% total of campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol). Jojoba oil is essentially triglyceride free.6, 7, 8

Seed meal, the fraction left after the wax has been extracted, is protein-rich with albumins and globulins. The group of simmondsin compounds (10% to 20%) in this fraction, recognized as food-intake inhibitors, are removed before the meal can be used as animal feed. Processes for detoxification include chemical inactivation (ammonia), heat treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and solvent extraction. Analysis by gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have been described.5, 9, 10, 11

Uses and Pharmacology

The toxicity of the constituent simmondsin in jojoba seed meal and of some of the oil components limits the likelihood of clinical trials.

Dermatology

Animal data

Topical administration of the refined wax to guinea pigs for 20 weeks resulted in no systemic effects. A reversible swelling accompanied by reduced skin flexibility and an increased sensitivity to shaving was observed. However, there were no histological changes in skin tissues. These effects were most likely due to an occlusive-like action created by the wax.12

Clinical data

Jojoba is most commonly recognized as an ingredient in cosmetics and other topical preparations at concentrations varying from 1% to 20%.13, 14 Limited clinical studies show skin hydrating effects of hydrolyzed jojoba esters similar in magnitude to glycerol.15, 16

In 2013, a 10-week randomized controlled field study in Madagascar documented rapid and significant improvements in tungiasis outcome measures in subjects treated twice daily with a coconut oil-based herbal repellent that includes jojoba oil and aloe vera. Tungiasis is a parasitic sand flea skin disease that can cause significant morbidity in many resource-poor tropical communities. At 2 weeks, the sand flea attack rate was zero and the intensity of infestation as well as the severity scores for acute and chronic tungiasis were significantly decreased. Within 10 weeks, the degree of tungiasis-associated morbidity approached zero.33

Other uses

Anti-inflammatory effects have been demonstrated in experiments with induced rat paw edema, and in granulation models; these effects have also affected neutrophil activity.17

Jojoba exhibits antioxidant activity, probably related to the content of alpha-tocopherol found in the leaves.18

In a rabbit study, ingestion of jojoba oil as a 2% supplement to an atherogenic diet produced a 40% reduction of blood cholesterol, although the mechanism by which this occurred was not determined.19 Simmondsin is a recognized anorectic, affecting the satiety response, as well as causing a conditioned taste aversion.20, 21, 22 Jojoba seed meal has been used as animal feed once detoxified. The treated meal is nontoxic to mice, poultry, sheep, and cattle.23, 24

Dosing

There is no clinical evidence to guide dosage of jojoba or its oil; it is primarily used as a vehicle for oxidation-sensitive substances in ointments.5

Pregnancy / Lactation

Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Adverse toxicological studies in rodents and birds have been published.25, 26

Interactions

None well documented.

Adverse Reactions

Case reports of contact dermatitis confirmed by skin patch tests exist for jojoba oil.14, 27

Toxicology

The oral median lethal dose of crude jojoba wax is more than 160 g/kg in mice.28 Subcutaneous injection of 1 mL/kg for 7 weeks in test animals resulted in no systemic effects, although some systemic accumulation was observed.12

In experiments in rats, jojoba meal as a feed showed no changes in liver, kidney, or spleen histology; however, reversible depression of red blood marrow cells was observed.29 Histological changes in the small intestine and increases in serum transaminases have also been reported in rodents.30

Jojoba oil is 14% erucic acid, a causative factor in myocardial fibrosis. Although no direct relationship has been established between this compound and jojoba toxicity in humans, jojoba should not be ingested in any form.19, 31

Limited experiments in rodents suggest effects of jojoba meal on the developing fetus related to decreased maternal food intake.25, 32 In female broiler chickens, jojoba meal decreased feed intake and controlled body weight; however, the birds were unable to produce eggs due to small oviducts. No effect on the ovaries or follicle development was observed.26

Index Terms

  • Simmondsia californica Nutall

References

1. Simmondsia chinensis. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, July 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.2. Maugh TH. Guayule and Jojoba: Agriculture in Semiarid Regions. Science 1977;196(4295):1189-1190.3. Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona. Jojoba: What is it? (leaflet). 1979; June.4. Scott MJ, Scott MJ Jr. Jojoba oil. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;6(4 pt 1):545.70769115. Le Dréau Y, Dupuy N, Gaydou V, Joachim J, Kister J. Study of jojoba oil aging by FTIR. Anal Chim Acta. 2009;642(1-2):163-170.194274726. Léon F, Van Boven M, de Witte P, Busson R, Cokelaere M. Isolation and identification of molecular species of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine from jojoba seed meal (Simmondsia chinensis). J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52(5):1207-1211.149951227. El-Mallah MH, El-Shami SM. Investigation of liquid wax components of Egyptian jojoba seeds. J Oleo Sci. 2009;58(11):543-548.198440688. Tada A, Jin ZL, Sugimoto N, Sato K, Yamazaki T, Tanamoto K. Analysis of the constituents in jojoba wax used as a food additive by LC/MS/MS. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2005;46(5):198-204.163051749. Shrestha MK, Peri I, Smirnoff P, Birk Y, Golan-Goldhirsh A. Jojoba seed meal proteins associated with proteolytic and protease inhibitory activities. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(20):5670-5675.1223669610. Lein S, Van Boven M, Holser R, et al. Simultaneous determination of carbohydrates and simmondsins in jojoba seed meal (Simmondsia chinensis ) by gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2002;977(2):257-264.1245611611. Van Boven M, Holser R, Cokelaere M, Flo G, Decuypere E. Gas chromatographic analysis of simmondsins and simmondsin ferulates in jojoba meal. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(9):4083-4086.1099531812. Yaron A, et al. Physiological toleration of jojoba wax in laboratory animals. J Soc Cosmet Chem. 1982;33(5-6):141.13. Arndt GJ. Jojoba. Cosmet Toiletries. 1987;102(6):68.14. Wantke F, Hemmer W, Götz M, Jarisch R. Contact dermatitis from jojoba oil and myristyl lactate/maleated soybean oil. Contact Dermatitis. 1996;34(1):71-72.878924015. Mosovich B. Treatment of acne and psoriasis, Proceedings of the 6th International Jojoba Conference, Ben Gurion University, Israel. 1984; October 21-26.16. Meyer J, Marshall B, Gacula M Jr, Rheins L. Evaluation of additive effects of hydrolyzed jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) esters and glycerol: a preliminary study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2008;7(4):268-274.1914660317. Habashy RR, Abdel-Naim AB, Khalifa AE, Al-Azizi MM. Anti-inflammatory effects of jojoba liquid wax in experimental models. Pharmacol Res. 2005;51(2):95-105.1562925418. Mallet JF, Cerrati C, Ucciani E, Gamisans J, Gruber M. Antioxidant activity of plant leaves in relation to their α-tocopherol content. Food Chem. 1994;49(1):61-65.19. Clarke JA, Yermanos DM. Effects of ingestion of jojoba oil on blood cholesterol levels and lipoprotein patterns in New Zealand white rabbits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981;102(4):1409-1415.731705720. Bouali A, Bellirou A, Boukhatem N, Hamal A, Bouammali B. Enzymatic detoxification of jojoba meal and effect of the resulting meal on food intake in rats. Nat Prod Res. 2008;22(7):638-647.1856970421. Lievens S, Flo G, Decuypere E, Van Boven M, Cokelaere M. Simmondsin: effects on meal patterns and choice behavior in rats. Physiol Behav. 2003;78(4-5):669-677.1278222222. Lievens S, Verbaeys I, Flo G, Briers R, Decuypere E, Cokelaere M. Disruption of the behavioral satiety sequence by simmondsin. Appetite. 2009;52(3):703-710.1950176923. Verbiscar AJ, Banigan TF, Weber CW, et al. Detoxification of jojoba meal by lactobacilli. J Agric Food Chem. 1981;29(2):296-302.722921224. Pérez-Gil F, Sanginés GL, Torreblanca RA, Grande ML, Carranco JM. Chemical composition and content of antiphysiological factors of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) residual meal [in Spanish]. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 1989;39(4):591-600.249089625. Cokelaere M, Flo G, Lievens S, Van Boven M, Vermaut S, Decuypere E. Teratological studies in defatted jojoba meal-supplemented rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2001;39(3):247-252.1127805626. Vermaut S, Onagbesan O, Bruggeman V V, et al. Unidentified factors in jojoba meal prevent oviduct development in broiler breeder females. J Agric Food Chem. 1998;46(1):194-201.1055421827. Di Berardino L, Di Berardino F, Castelli A, Della Torre F. A case of contact dermatitis from jojoba. Contact Dermatitis. 2006;55(1):57-58.1684255928. Taguchi M, Kunimoto T. Toxicity studies on jojoba oil for cosmetic uses. Cosmet Toiletries. 1977;92(9):53.29. Boozer CN, Herron AJ. Simmondsin for weight loss in rats. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30(7):1143-1148.1646282030. Verschuren PM, Nugteren DH. Evaluation of jojoba oil as a low-energy fat. 2. Intestinal transit time, stomach emptying and digestibility in short-term feeding studies in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 1989;27(1):45-48.270319331. Environmental Protection Agency. Jojoba oil; exemption from tolerance requirement. Federal Register 1995;60(206). Available online from URL: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1995-10-25/html/95-26325.htm32. Cokelaere M, Daenens P, Decuypere E, et al. Reproductive performance of rats treated with defatted jojoba meal or simmondsin before or during gestation. Food Chem Toxicol. 1998;36(1):13-19.948736033. Thielecke M, Raharimanga V, Rogier C, Stauss-Grabo M, Richard V, Feldmeier H. Prevention of tungiasis and tungiasis-asoicated morbidity using the plant-based repellent Zanzarin: a randomized, controlled field study in rural Madagascar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7(9):e2426.24069481

Disclaimer

This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.

This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.

Further information

The content of Holevn is solely for the purpose of providing information about Thuốc Jojoba  and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Please contact your nearest doctor or clinic, hospital for advice. We do not accept liability if the patient arbitrarily uses the drug without following a doctor’s prescription.

Reference from: https://www.drugs.com/npp/jojoba.html

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